Reducción de proteínas y glucosa por reacción de Maillard en leche con lactosa hidrolisada / Protein and glucose reduction by Maillard reaction in milk with hydrolyzed lactose

Se evaluó el efecto de la temperatura sobre la desnaturalización de proteínas y la reacción de Maillard en leche entera y descremada con lactosa hidrolizada. Las leches hidrolizadas se trataron térmicamente a 100, 110, 120 y 130 °C durante un período de 1 hora y se midió la concentración de glucosa, el grado de pardeamiento y la desnaturalización de proteínas. El grado de dorado en la leche entera varió de 14.4 (100 °C) a 42.6 (130 °C). Para la leche descremada fue de 20.2 (100 °C) a 38.0 (130 °C). La concentración de glucosa en leche entera (47% p/v) y en leche descremada (41% p/v) después del tratamiento térmico (130 °C) mostró una reducción significativa en relación con el control (25 °C). El efecto de la temperatura en la desnaturalización de proteínas en leche entera y descremada en relación con el control (25 °C) fue del 100%. La leche tratada térmicamente con lactosa hidrolizada promovió la desnaturalización de proteínas con un aumento del pardeamiento característico de la reacción de Maillard, lo que afectó la calidad nutricional.

The effect of temperature in protein denaturation and Maillard reaction in whole and skim milk with hydrolyzed lactose was evaluated. Hydrolyzed milk was thermally treated at 100, 110, 120 and 130 °C over a period of 1 hour and glucose concentration, browning degree and protein denaturation were measured. The browning degree in whole milk varied from 14.42 (100 °C) to 42.63 (130 °C) and 20.21 (100 °C) to 38.03 (130 °C) in skim milk. Glucose concentration in whole milk (47% - w/v) and skim milk (41% - w/v) after heat treatment (130 °C) showed a significant reduction in relation to the control (25 °C). The temperature effect in protein denaturation in whole and skim milk in relation to the control (25 °C) was 100%. Thermally treated milk with hydrolyzed lactose promoted protein denaturation with increasing browning characteristic of the Maillard reaction, thus affecting the nutritional quality.

Correlation analysis of color change and Maillard reaction during processing of Gardeniae Fructus Praeparatus / 中国中药杂志

The chromaticity space parameters of the samples during the processing of Gardeniae Fructus Praeparatus(Jiaozhizi in Chinese herbal name, JZZ) were measured by the visual analyzer to analyze the color variation rule during the processing of JZZ, and the content changes of total reducing sugar, total amino acid and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural(5-HMF) related to Maillard reaction were measured. Pearson correlation analysis and linear regression analysis of the data were carried out by SPSS 24.0 software. The experimental results showed that the objective coloration of the samples in the processing of JZZ was basically consistent with the traditional subjective color judgment; the contents of total reducing sugar and total amino acids showed a decreasing trend during the processing of JZZ, and the content of 5-HMF showed an increasing trend, which was in line with Maillard reaction law. Pearson correlation analysis results showed that there was a significant correlation between the chromaticity space parameters L~*(lightness value), a~*(red green value), b~*(yellow blue value), E~*ab(total color value) and the contents of total reducing sugar, total amino acid and 5-HMF(P<0.01), among which the values of L~*, a~*, b~*, E~*ab were positively correlated with the contents of total reducing sugar and total amino acid, and negatively correlated with the contents of 5-HMF. The results of linear regression analysis also showed that these two were highly correlated. In this study, by establishing the correspondence relationship between the color change of JZZ processing and Maillard reactants, wecan not only provide a basis for the objective digital expression of subjective color of JZZ, but also provide a reference for explaining the processing mechanism of JZZ from a new perspective.

Reacción de Maillard: Efectos patogénicos / Maillard reaction. Pathogenic effects

La cocción de los alimentos a altas temperaturas en calor seco, produce ciertas modificaciones organolépticas que los hace especialmente apetecibles y objetos de adicción. Esto es resultado de la reacción de Maillard, o glicación, que se produce por unión no enzimática del grupo carbonilo, de azúcares reductores como glucosa y fructosa, con el grupo amino de proteínas y ácidos nucleicos. Junto a los cambios físicos, cambia la estructura química y la función de estos aductos, denominados también glicotoxinas. Además de la glicación exógena, generada durante la cocción de los alimentos, recientemente ha sido referida la glicación in situ, en la luz intestinal, durante la digestión, cuando determinados alimentos no glicados se combinan en el momento de su ingestión. A esto se agrega la glicación endógena extracelular relacionada con la glucosa sanguínea y la intracelular, con metabolitos de la glucólisis y de la fructosa. Desde la década del 70, con el remplazo en gran medida de la sacarosa por fructosa, significativamente más reactiva que la glucosa, aumentó la presencia de productos de glicación en alimentos procesados y bebidas gaseosas. Están documentados sus efectos patogénicos como contribuyentes al estrés oxidativo y a la inflamación, especialmente en diabetes, insuficiencia renal y enfermedad cardiovascular y están siendo explorados en otras enfermedades crónicas, como procesos neurodegenerativos y envejecimiento temprano. Se describen medidas para preservar la salud, atendiendo medios de cocción y procesamiento de los alimentos y recomendaciones sobre hábitos de vida e ingesta de antioxidantes para acción inhibitoria o antagónica sobre las glicotoxinas.

Certain organoleptic modifications by way of processing and cooking foods at high temperatures in dry heat, make them especially appetizing and objects of addiction. It results from Maillard reaction, or glycation, consisting of the non-enzymatic union between carbonyl groups, mainly from reducing sugars as glucose and fructose, with the amino group of proteins and nucleic acids. In addition to physical changes, also the chemical structure and function of these compounds are changed. Besides exogenous glycation generated during the cooking of foods, recently in situ glycation has been reported in the intestinal lumen during digestion, when certain non-glycated foods are combined with fructose at the time of ingestion. In addition, endogenous glycation, which correlates in the extracellular mainly with blood glucose and in the intracellular with glycolysis metabolites and fructose, is specially significant. Since the 70s, with the frequent sucrose replacement by fructose, much more reactive than glucose, the presence of glycation products in processed foods and soft drinks increased.Pathogenic effects of these compounds, also called glycotoxins, are known to contribute to oxidative stress and inflammation. This increases progression of chronic diseases, well documented in diabetes, renal insuficiency, cardiovascular disease and aging process, and are being explore d in many other chronic diseases as neurodegenerative disorders and early aging. Based on the knowledge achieved so far, measures to preserve health are described by attending ways of cooking and processing foods, besides recommendations for life habits and antioxidants dietary intakes for inhibition or antagonism on glycotoxins.

Abordagem epidemiológica e molecular da obesidade em uma amostra do Rio de Janeiro / Epidemiological and molecular approach to obesity in a sample from Rio de Janeiro

A obesidade é definida como um acúmulo de gordura no corpo (Índice de massa corpóreo, IMC ≥ 30 kg/m2), suficiente para causar efeitos adversos ao organismo. Essa doença tem emergido como um sério problema de saúde pública, afetando países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento. Dados recentes mostram que mais de 650 milhões de indivíduos são obesos no mundo. No Brasil, existiam pelo menos 11,9 milhões de homens e 18 milhões de mulheres com obesidade em 2014. Estudos epidemiológicos sugerem que indivíduos com alto IMC, como os obesos graves (IMC ≥ 35 kg/m2) e os mórbidos (IMC ≥ 40 kg/m2), possuem um risco substancialmente maior para o desenvolvimento de doenças associadas ao excesso do peso e morte prematura. A etiologia da obesidade é complexa, causada pela interação de fatores ambientais com variantes genéticas de pequeno efeito. No entanto, formas raras monogênicas foram identificadas em humanos, causadas por mutações de grande efeito em um único gene. Nos últimos anos, diversos genes têm sido associados à obesidade humana, podendo estar relacionados às formas poligênicas, monogênicas ou ambas. Dentre estes, podemos destacar os que atuam no sistema leptina-melanocortina e no mecanismo de escurecimento do tecido adiposo branco (browning). Estas vias estão envolvidas na homeostasia energética, controlando a ingestão alimentar e/ou o gasto energético do corpo. Dessa forma, o presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar variantes em genes associados a essas vias em uma coorte da população brasileira. Para esta proposta, selecionamos 496 indivíduos, divididos em um grupo de obesos graves (n=304) e outro de eutróficos (n=192, 18.5 ≤ IMC ≤ 24.9 kg/m2). Todos esses pacientes com excesso de peso são candidatos à cirurgia bariátrica. Para o estudo da obesidade monogênica selecionamos uma subamostra do nosso grupo de casos

Inicialmente, obtivemos as características demográficas, antropométricas, pressóricas e bioquímicas dos participantes. Em seguida, coletamos amostras de sangue e extraímos o DNA genômico. As análises moleculares foram realizadas através da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) em tempo real (ensaios TaqMan®), PCR convencional e sequenciamento de Sanger. Nossos resultados mostraram que os obesos graves apresentam altos indicadores antropométricos, bioquímicos e pressóricos, com exceção da altura, IMC invertido e razão cintura-altura. Ademais, a prevalência de hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) e diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) foram maiores nesse pacientes, assim como observamos um aumento da coloração da pele parda/negra e um estilo de vida sedentário. Com relação às análises moleculares, descrevemos pela primeira vez mutações patogênicas no gene MC4R (rs1356972268; p.Met1?) e MRAP2 (rs148904867; p.Arg125Cis). Também identificamos possíveis mutações com efeitos deletérios no FNDC5 (rs1249107410; p.Ser210Asn) e POMC (rs199636726; p.Fen87Leu e não descrita; p.Arg90Leu). Nenhuma variação genética patogênica foi encontrada em LEP. Além disso, observamos que polimorfismos no FTO (rs9939609 e rs17817449), PPARGC1A (rs2970847) e UCP1 (rs12502572) modulam a susceptibilidade à forma comum da obesidade e também influenciam a variação da adiposidade na amostra total. O FTO (rs17817449) e PPARGC1A (rs8192678) foram associados ao aumento das concentrações plasmáticas do triglicerídeo e glicose, respectivamente. O MC4R (rs2229616) mostrou-se um fator de proteção para HAS em obesos. Para finalizar, observamos que as variantes AGRP (rs5030980), BDNF (rs4074134), FNDC5 (rs113173936, rs72882318 e rs1284368), GHRL (rs696217), MC4R (rs17782313), NPY (rs535870237), PPARGC1A (rs3736265, rs3755863), UPC1 (rs6536991) não foram associadas à forma comum da obesidade, bem como não tinham um efeito nas variáveis estudadas

Portanto, nossos dados sugerem que determinadas variantes em genes importantes para as vias leptina-melanocortina e browning contribuem para o desenvolvimento da obesidade grave em uma amostra da população brasileira. (AU)

Efecto de edulcorantes no calóricos en la aceptabilidad sensorial de un producto horneado / Effect of non-caloric sweeteners in sensory acceptability of a baked product

Samples of cakes (baked biscuit-type products) made with sugar (control) and samples prepared with non-caloric sweeteners (stevia, saccharin and sucralose) were developed and acceptability evaluated using a 5-point hedonic scale test for color, aroma and flavor. The color and aroma results indicated that the cakes made with sugar have significantly larger acceptability than cakes made with non-caloric sweeteners (p< 0.05). In assessing the acceptability of taste there are significant differences between all samples of cakes, with the following descending order according to the sweetener used: sugar > stevia > sucralose > saccharin. Replacement of sugar by non-caloric sweeteners in cakes, decreased the acceptability of the products. One explanation may be because no non-enzymatic browning reactions occur such as Maillard reaction and caramelization, which generate compounds related to color, aroma and flavor of baked foods.

Se elaboraron muestras de queques (productos horneados tipo bizcocho) con azúcar (control) y con edulcorantes no calóricos (estevia, sacarina y sucralosa). Los queques se evaluaron sensorialmente mediante una prueba de aceptabilidad con una escala hedónica de 5 puntos para los parámetros de color, aroma y sabor. Los resultados de color y aroma indican que los queques elaborados con azúcar tienen una aceptabilidad significativamente mayor que los queques elaborados con los edulcorantes no calóricos (p< 0,05). En la evaluación de sabor hubo diferencias significativas entre todas las muestras de queques, con el siguiente orden decreciente según el edulcorante utilizado: azúcar > estevia > sucralosa > sacarina. El reemplazo de azúcar por edulcorantes no calóricos en los queque, disminuyó la aceptabilidad de los productos. Una explicación posible es que no se producen reacciones de pardeamiento no enzimático como reacción de Maillard y caramelización, las que generan compuestos relacionados con el color, aroma y sabor de productos horneados.

Kinetics study of hydrochlorothiazide lactose liquid state interaction using conventional isothermal arrhenius method under basic and neutral conditions

ABSTRACT The Maillard reaction of hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) and lactose has been previously demonstrated in pharmaceutical formulations. In this study, the activation energy of - hydrohlorothiazide and lactose interaction in the liquid state was ascertained under basic and neutral conditions. Conventional isothermal High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) technique was employed to ascertain the kinetic parameters using Arrhenius method. Results: The activation energy obtained was 82.43 and 100.28 kJ/mol under basic and neutral conditions, respectively. Consequently, it can be inferred that Maillard reaction is significantly affected by pH, which can be used as a control factor whenever the reaction potentially occurs.

Formación de acrilamida durante el procesamiento de alimentos. Una revisión / Acrylamide formation during the processing of food. A review

ResumenEn abril del 2002, un grupo de investigadores suecos dio a conocer que algunos alimentos ricos en almidón y pobres en proteínas, sometidos a procesos con temperaturas mayores a 120°C (fritura, horneado, asado y tostado) contenían el pro-cancerígeno conocido como acrilamida. A partir de ese momento, se desató una verdadera carrera investigativa en torno al tema, generando más de 7000 publicaciones científicas relacionadas con el tema, solo en los últimos 4 años.Al día de hoy, las investigaciones realizadas dejan en claro que la formación de acrilamida en los alimentos involucra al aminoácido asparragina y a azúcares reductores, los cuales mediante la reacción de Maillard dan como resultado el mencionado compuesto, denominado actualmente como un contaminante del proceso o un contaminante neo formado.La investigación realizada, se puede decir tiene tres vertientes claramente definidas, una es explicar porque se da la presencia de acrilamida en los alimentos, otra se enfoca en el desarrollo de protocolos y tecnología de punta para la detección de la sustancia en diversos alimentos y la tercera tiene que ver con las medidas a tomar para mitigar la aparición de acrilamida en sustratos alimenticios. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo, brindar al lector una visión actualizada sobre estas tres vertientes anteriormente citadas.

AbstractIn April 2002, a Swedish group or researches informed that some food products with high starch and low protein constitution and submitted to temperature processes above 120°C contained a pro cancerigenous substance known as acrylamide. From this moment on, and until actual times, a research race around the theme has been established.Up to the date, research done clearly describes the formation of acrylamide in food from asparagine and reducing sugars, through Maillard's reaction, and is known as a process contaminant or a neo formed contaminant.Actual research on the theme has three different approaches, one that explains the presence of acrylamide in food, a second one that focusses in the development of protocols and technology for its detection in food and a third one that tries to develop mitigating measures for the appearance of acrylamide in food substrates. The aim of this review is to bring to the reader an actualized vision of these three approaches.

Inhibitory effect of lotus seedpod oligomeric procyanidins on advanced glycation end product formation in a lactose-lysine model system

Background Industrial food processing induces protein glycation modifications and toxic advanced glycation end products (AGEs) which affect human health. Therefore, it is of interest to monitor AGEs in food processing. The present study was carried out to investigate the influence of lotus seedpod oligomeric procyanidin (LSOPC) concentrations, solution pH value and metal ions on AGE formation by heat treatment of lactose-lysine model solutions. Ne-(carboxymethyl) lysine (CML), as one of the common AGEs was also determined by HPLC-MS/MS in this experiment. Results The results showed that LSOPC can inhibit the formation of AGEs effectively at higher concentrations, lower temperature, and it can reverse the promotion function of metal ions because of its high inhibition activity. Also, LSOPC can inhibit CML formation in the Maillard reaction as well. Conclusion These results indicated that LSOPC could be used as functional food ingredients to inhibit AGE formation.

Productos finales de glicación (AGES) y la nefropatía diabética / Glycation end products (AGEs) and diabetic nephropathy

Los productos finales de glicación (AGEs) son un grupo heterogéneo de moléculas generadas por medio de reacciones no enzimáticas de glicación y de oxidación de proteínas, lípidos y ácidos nucleicos. La formación aumentada de AGEs ocurre en condiciones tales como la diabetes mellitus y el envejecimiento. AGEs median sus efectos a través de tres mecanismos principales: 1) entrecruzamiento con proteínas de la matriz extracelular, afectando las propiedades mecánicas de los tejidos, 2) entrecruzamiento con proteínas intracelulares alterando sus funciones fisiológicas y 3) unión a sus receptores de superficie RAGE para inducir múltiples cascadas de señales intracelulares. La acumulación de AGEs en las proteínas tisulares ha sido implicada en las complicaciones vasculares diabéticas, tales como la retinopatía, la nefropatía y la neuropatía. En la nefropatía diabética los AGEs contribuyen al desarrollo y progresión de esta enfermedad renal.

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are a heterogenous group of molecules that are generated through nonenzimatic glycation and oxidation of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Enhanced formation and accumulation of AGEs has been reported to occur in conditions such as diabetes mellitus as well as in natural aging. AGEs mediate their effects through three main mechanism: 1) cross linking extracellular (matrix) proteins thereby affecting tissue mechanical properties, 2) cross linking intracellular proteins thus altering their physiological functios and 3) binding to their cell surface receptor RAGE to inducing multiple intracellular signalling cascades. The accumulation of AGEs in tissue proteins has been implicated in diabetic vascular complications, such as retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy. In the diabetic nephropathy AGEs contribute to the development and progression of this renal disease.

Cause and control of Radix Ophiopogonis browning during storage / 中国天然药物

In the storage of Radix Ophiopogonis, browning often happens to cause potential risk with regard to safety. Previously few reports investigate the browning of Radix Ophiopogonis. In this research, the causes and mechanisms of the browning of Radix Ophiopogonis were preliminarily elucidated. Content determination by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and spectrophotometry, enzyme activity determination by colorimetry, and morphological observation by electron microscopy were performed in the present study. Uniform design and three-dimensional response surfaces were applied to investigate the relationship between browning and storage factors. The cortex cell wall of browned Radix Ophiopogonis was ruptured. Compared with the normal Radix Ophiopogonis, cellulase and polyphenol oxidase enzymes were activated, the levels of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), total sugars, and reducing sugars were increased, while the levels of polysaccharides and methylophiopogonanone A were decreased in browned Radix Ophiopogonis. The relationship between the storage factors and degree of browning (Y) could be described by following correlation equation: Y = - 0.625 4 + 0.020 84 × X3 + 0.001 514 × X1 × X2 - 0.000 964 4 × X2 × X3. Accompanied with browning under storage conditions, the chemical composition of Radix Ophiopogonis was altered. Following the activation of cellulase, the rupture of the cortex cell wall and the outflow of cell substances flowed out, which caused the Radix Ophiopogonis tissue to become soft and sticky. The main causes of the browning were the production of 5-HMF, the activation of polyphenol oxidase, Maillard reactions and enzymatic browning. Browning could be effectively prevented when the air relative humidity (HR), temperature, and moisture content were under 25% RH, 12 °C and 18%, respectively.

Thinking and practice of study on material basis of parched Chinese herbal medicines and their quality evaluation / 中国中药杂志

Though parched Chinese herbal medicines contain less effective or index components, their pharmacological actions do not reduce or even become improved to some extent. However, the current studies related to material basis could not explain the changes in property, flavour and efficacy of parched Chinese herbal medicines. Meanwhile, due to the lack of objective and specific evaluation indexes, the quality evaluation could not reflect features of parched Chinese herbal pieces. Therefore, how to break the bottleneck for the studies on parched Chinese herbal pieces, make further innovation and conduct in-depth studies on the material basis of parched Chinese herbal medicines are common problems that medical scholars are facing. According to the findings in the previous studies, the author proposed to explain the material basis of parched Chinese herbal medicines by studying Maillard reaction and establish specific quality evaluation indexes according to the features of parched Chinese herbal pieces, and conducted relevant studies.

ASSESSMENT OF THE OSMO-CONVECTIVE DEHYDRATION ON THE QUALITY ATTRIBUTES AND CENTESIMAL COMPOSITION OF YACON (Smallanthus sonchifolius)

This work has studied the application of the osmo-convective dehydration on yacon roots, regarding its composition and quality attributes. Slices of yacon were submitted to osmotic treatment with sucralose solution followed by convective dry. The experiments followed a complete 23 factorial design to assessthe effect of three variables of the process (temperature, stirring rate of the osmotic solution and drying temperature) over four quality attributes (moisture content, color, luminosity and soluble solid content). The application of the osmotic treatment before convective drying provided quality gains to the dried product, such as low browning and shrinkage rates, and reduction of the structural damages towards angular distortions and fissures, in comparison to the samples dried directly on the tray dryer. The effect of osmotic treatment over the centesimal composition of yacon have resulted on absorption of sucralose and water loss without a significance compromise of its nutritional attributes. The obtained product presented different contents of moisture, but similar levels of darkening and color alteration at diverse experimental conditions.

Investigou-se a aplicação da desidratação osmo-convectiva em raízes de yacon, com relação à sua composição centesimal e atributos de qualidade. Fatias de yacon foram submetidas ao tratamento osmótico em solução de sucralose e depois à secagem convectiva. Os experimentos seguiram planejamento fatorial completo (2

Inibição da formação de produtos da reação de Maillard por extrato de erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis) em sistemas modelo alimento / Inhibition of Maillard reaction products by extracts of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) in food model systems

INTRODUÇÃO: A reação de Maillard ocorre em alimentos termicamente processados e também em sistemas biológicos, em que é chamada de glicação. Esta reação ocorre entre grupos carbonilas e grupamentos aminas e tem especial importância em alimentos, pois promovem alterações sensoriais importantes ao sabor, aroma, aparência e textura. Em sistemas biológicos, entretanto, podem acarretar mudanças em estruturas moleculares que favorecem o estresse oxidativo e participam da patogenia de complicações micro e macro vasculares características da diabetes, aterosclerose e doenças neurodegenativas. Os compostos carbonílicos ou produtos da reação de Maillard (PRMs) formados em alimentos contribuem para o aumento do pool endógeno de compostos carbonílicos. A utilização de substâncias ou alimentos que possam minimizar a formação destes compostos pode constituir-se em uma estratégia para minimizar a sua ingestão. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito da adição de extrato etanólico de erva-mate verde na inibição da reação de Maillard em sistemas modelo alimento. METODOLOGIA: Foram elaborados modelos de biscoito e lácteos com e sem lipídios. Os teores de produtos da reação de Maillard [furosina (FUR), hidroximetilfurfural (HMF), carboximetilisina (CML) e produtos fluorescentes (IF)] foram avaliados. O extrato etanólico foi obtido por extração contínua a quente da erva-mate verde seca e caracterizado quanto aos teores de compostos fenólicos, cafeína e saponinas por cromatografia líquida. A intensidade de fluorescência dos sistemas foi avaliada por espectrofotometria, os teores de FUR e HMF foram analisados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência e de CML por ELISA. RESULTADOS: O extrato etanólico de erva-mate apresentou 155µg mg -1 de fenólicos totais, 76µg mg -1 de cafeína, 5µg mg de ácido ursólico e 3µg mg -1 de ácido oleanóico. A formação de HMF, FUR e IF nos sistemas modelo de biscoito não foi influenciada pela adição do extrato de erva-mate.

Produtos da reação de Maillard em alimentos industrializados / Maillard reaction products in processed food

The ingestion of Maillard-reaction products (MRP) has increased over thelast decades in the urban areas and there are evidences that these substancesmay be absorbed and can play an important role in pathologies. PRM determination in processed foods, as well as their ingestion level from the daily diet, have been evaluated by several studies in countries within the Northern hemisphere, but there are no equivalent studies in South America. In this study, we evaluated the contents of furosine (FUR), hydroxymethylfurfural(HMF), carboxymethyllysine (CML) and fluorescent substances in flake cereals, granola-type cereals, medium-roasted coffee and powder milk from different brands. Fluorescent spectrophotometry, high performance liquid chromatography and immunoenzymatic methods were employed. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and principal component analysis. A great variation in MRP content for the same food product was observed. Powder milk, despite being the food product with the highest lipid content, has a low MRP content (average 7.6 mg/100g), while coffee has the highest amount (278.6 mg/100g) due to the severe thermal treatment it undergoes.These data are representative of these food products available in the marketand may be used for estimating MRP intake by the population.

El consumo de productos de la reacción de Maillard (PRM) en las áreas urbanas aumentó en las últimas décadas y hay evidencias de que estas substancias son absorbidas y pueden participar en procesos patológicos. La determinación del teor de PRM en alimentos industrializados, así como el consumo de estos compuestos a partir de la dieta ha sido evaluado en estudios conducidos en países del hemisferio Norte, pero no hay estudios equivalente en la America del Sur. En este trabajo analizamos los tenores de substancias fluorescentes, furosina, hidroximetilfurfural y carboximetillisina encereales del tipo escamas, cereales del tipogranola, café en polvo de torrefacción media, gelatina "diet" y leche en polvo integral dediferentes marcas y lotes. Las técnicas utilizadas fueron espectrofotometría de fluorescencia, cromatografía líquida de alto desempeño y teste inmunoenzimático. Los datos fueron analizados mediante estadística descriptiva y análisis decomponentes principales (PCA). Se observó grande variación en el contenido de PRM en los alimentos analizados. La leche en polvo, apesar de ser al alimento con mayor contenido de lípidos, presentó baja concentración de PRM (tenor medio 7,6mg/100g) mientras el café en polvo presentó el mayor contenido de PRM (278,6mg/100g) debido a la severidad del tratamiento térmico a que es sometido. Los datos obtenidos son representativos de los productos disponibles al consumidor y pueden ser utilizados para estimar el consumo de PRM por la población.

O consumo de produtos da reação de Maillard (PRM), nas áreas urbanas, aumentou nas últimas décadas e há evidências de que estas substâncias são absorvidas e podem tomar parte em processos patológicos. A determinação do teor de PRM em alimentos industrializados, assim como o consumo destes compostos a partir da dieta, têm sido avaliados em estudos conduzidos em países do hemisfério Norte. Não há estudos equivalentes na América do Sul. Neste trabalho, analisamos os teores de substâncias fluorescentes, furosina, hidroximetilfurfural e carboximetillisina em cereais do tipo flocos e do tipo granola, café em pó torra média, gelatina diet e leite integral em pó integral de diferentes marcas e lotes. As técnicas utilizadas foram espectrofotometria defluorescência, cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência e teste imunoenzimático. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva e Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP). Observou-se grande variabilidade no teor de PRM, nos alimentos analisados. O leite em pó, apesar de ser o alimento com maior teor delipídios, apresentou baixa concentração de PRM(teor médio 7,6mg/100g) enquanto o café em pó, apresentou o maior teor de PRM (278,6mg/100g) devido à severidade do tratamento térmico ao qual é submetido. Os dados obtidos são representativos dos produtos disponíveis ao consumidor e podem ser utilizados para estimar o consumo de PRM pela população. Palavras-chave: Reação de Maillard.

Produtos da reação de Maillard em alimentos: implicações para a saúde / Maillard reaction products in foods: implications for human health

A reação de Maillard é uma reação de escurecimento não enzimático que pode ocorrer em alimentos e em organismos vivos. Esta revisão tem como objetivo analisar a formação e o papel dos produtos originados a partir da reação de Maillard e seus efeitos na saúde. Para isso foram realizados levantamentos bibliográficos nas bases da área, sem restrição de data. Os resultados da revisão apontam que produtos carbonílicos inter-mediários da reação de Maillard e da peroxidação reagem facilmente com grupamentos aminas de proteínas e ácidos nucleicos, levando a modificações biológicas que podem resultar em complicações observadas no diabetes, aterosclerose e doenças neurodegenerativas. O consumo de produtos da reação de Maillard aumentou nas últimas décadas, devido ao aumento do consumo de alimentos industrializados que, em geral, sofreram processamento térmico. Essas substâncias são biodisponíveis em alguma proporção e, embora ainda não haja consenso sobre os possíveis efeitos deletérios à saúde decorrentes de sua ingestão, a comunidade científica tem expressado preocupação com as implicações em processos patológicos de que participam. Diante desses achados, ressalta-se a necessidade de estimar o consumo dos produtos da reação de Maillard, principalmente por populações vulneráveis, como crianças e diabéticos, a fim de, se necessário, estabelecer consumos diários aceitáveis e ampliar o conhecimento com vistas ao estabelecimento, no futuro, de limites para a indústria de alimentos.

Maillard reaction is the nonenzymatic browning that occurs in foods and living organisms. The objective of this review is to analyze the formation and role of Maillard reaction products and their effects on human health. A literature search was done in the relevant databases for all articles published on the subject. The results of the review show that intermediate carbonyl compounds of the Maillard reaction and peroxidation easily react with the amino groups of proteins and nucleic acids leading to biological changes that can, in turn, lead to complications, such as those seen in diabetes, atherosclerosis and degenerative diseases. Consumption of Maillard reaction products increased in the last decades because of the increased consumption of processed foods, since the production of many processed foods may require the use of heat. These substances are bioavailable to some degree and, although there is no consensus about their harmful effects on human health, the scientific community has expressed concern with their implications on the pathological processes of which they are part. These findings suggest that the intake of these substances, especially by vulnerable individuals, such as children and diabetics, should be estimated for the establishment of acceptable daily intakes, if necessary. More knowledge about these substances may also result in the establishment of a maximum MRP level in processed foods.

Avaliação do teor de produtos da reação de Maillard (PRM) em cereais matinais e café / Evaluation of the content of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) in breakfast cereals and coffee

Produtos intermediários da reação de Maillard e da peroxidação, como os compostos dicarbonílicos, reagem facilmente com grupamentos aminas de proteínas e ácidos nucléicos levando a modificações biológicas que podem resultar em patologias observadas no diabetes, aterosclerose e doenças neurodegenerativas. O consumo de Produtos da Reação de Maillard (PRM) aumentou nas últimas décadas e há evidências de que estas substâncias são absorvidas e podem tomar parte em processos patológicos, embora ainda não haja consenso sobre os possíveis efeitos deletério à saúde a partir do aumento de sua ingestão. Ressalta-se a necessidade de estimar o consumo destes PRMs a partir de dados sobre os conteúdos e a ingestão habitual do alimento em questão como cereais matinais e café. Objetivos: a) validar metodologia para quantificar indicadores da reação de Maillard: hidroximetilfurfural (HMF), furosina (FUR), carboximetilisina (CML) e Compostos Intermediários Fluorescentes (CIF) em cereais matinais (flocos e granola) e café; b) avaliar se há diferenças nos teores desses compostos nas diferentes marcas destes produtos comercializados em São Paulo; METODOLOGIA: Foram analisados dois lotes de três marcas de cereais do tipo flocos, três marcas de cereais do tipo granola e cinco marcas de café presentes em 100 por cento dos hipermercados visitados no município de São Paulo. A validação da metodologia para quantificação, empregando HPLC, consistiu no cálculo da exatidão (recuperação), repetibilidade e sensibilidade para os compostos: HMF e FUR. Foram determinados os teores de CIF por espectrofotometria de fluorescência e os teores de CML por teste imunoenzimático. RESULTADOS: Os métodos de determinação de FUR e HMF foram validados conforme o Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Normalização e 9 Qualidade Industrial (INMETRO). O teor médio de CIF livre e total foram maiores para as amostras de café, com média de 232CIF/mg e 765CIF/mg respectivamente. Não houve diferença...

Maillard reaction products and lipid peroxidation, such as dicarbonyl compounds easily react with amino groups of proteins and nucleic acids leading to biological changes that can result in complications in diseases such as diabetes, atherosclerosis and neurodegenerative. The consumption of Maillard Reaction Products (MRP) has increased in recent decades and there is evidence that these substances are absorbed and can participate in pathological processes, although there is no consensus about the possible harmful health effects from their intake. We highlight the need to identify the consumption of MRP, mainly in vulnerable populations like children and diabetics, in order to establish acceptable daily intakes and guidelines for the food industry. OBJECTIVES: a) validate the methodology to measure indicators of the Maillard reaction: hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), Furosine (RUF) carboxymethylysine (CML) and fluorescent intermediate compounds (FIC) in breakfast cereals (corn flakes and granola) and coffee, b) to evaluate if there are differences in the levels of these compounds contents among brands commercialized in São Paulo METHODS: two lots of 3 brands of flakes cereal, 3 brands of granola and 5 coffee brands present in 100 per cent of supermarkets visited in the city Sao Paulo were analyzed. HPLC methodology validation was assessed by determining accuracy (recovery), repeatability, and sensibility (linearity, limits of detection and quantitation) for the compounds: HMF an FUR. The contents of the Fluorescent Intermdediary compounds...

Occurrence of Internal Stipe Necrosis of Cultivated Mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) Caused by Ewingella americana in Korea

The internal stipe necrosis of cultivated mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) is caused by the bacterium Ewingella americana, a species of the Enterobacteriaceae. Recently, Ewingella americana was isolated from cultivated white button mushrooms in Korea evidencing symptoms of internal stipe browning. Its symptoms are visible only at harvest, and appear as a variable browning reaction in the center of the stipes. From these lesions, we isolated one bacterial strain (designated CH4). Inoculation of the bacterial isolate into mushroom sporocarps yielded the characteristic browning symptoms that were distinguishable from those of the bacterial soft rot that is well known to mushroom growers. The results of Gram stain, flagellal staining, and biochemical tests identified these isolates as E. americana. This was verified by pathogenicity, physiological and biochemical characteristics, and the results of an analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences and the fatty acids profile. This is the first report of the isolation of E. americana from cultivated white button mushrooms in Korea.

Volatile compounds and antioxidant activity from cysteine/ribose and beef fat model system

This study was designed to examine the volatile compounds, antioxidant activity and safety evaluation of the reaction products between beef fat and triglycerides with cysteine and ribose model systems. Sixty nine and sixty three volatile compounds were isolated and identified in beef fat/cysteine/ ribose and beef triglyceride/cysteine/ribose model systems, respectively with the predominance of esters and sulfur-containing compounds. Sensory evaluation was also performed for the model systems according to ISA and the results revealed that the presence of volatiles having roasted meat-like aroma might be due to certain components such as pyrazine and thiazobes derivatives as the main compounds. The radical scavenging activity of the model systems was quantified spectrophotometrically, using DPPH radical and ?-carotene bleaching assays. Biological evaluation was also carried out to determine the safety of meaty flavor produced by studying the Maillard reaction products [MRPs] supplementation on body weight, relative organs weight, liver and kidney functions, as well as level of total antioxidant capacity as antioxidant biomarkers

Effective components of Chinese herbal compound decoction and Maillard reaction / 中国结合医学杂志

This paper intends to explore the color changes considered to be Maillard reaction during the process of Chinese herbal medicine. The Maillard reaction products (MRPs) are often in substantial proportions of Chinese herbal compound decoctions but their effects are often neglected. By considering the effects of MRPs in studies of effective components on Chinese herbal compounds, a new perspective is established in future researches of Chinese herbal compound decoctions.

Efecto del mejoramiento proteico sobre los parámetros de calidad nutricional y sensorial de galletitas dulces (cookies): [revisión~] / Effect of increased protein content on nutritional and sensory quality of cookies: [review]

El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar el efecto de la incorporación de proteínas de suero caseario y de harina de soja sobre los parámetros de calidad de galletitas dulces (cookies). A partir de los resultados obtenidos se define una formulación con un contenido y calidad proteica superior a las formulaciones comerciales y con aceptable calidad sensorial. Se utilizó una formulación de galletitas para molde rotativo, adaptable al sistema de laminación y corte en planta piloto. Sobre la base de esta formulación se realizó el reemplazo parcial de harina de trigo por concentrado proteico de suero caseario y harina de soja. Se utilizó el método de superficie de respuesta para analizar la influencia de estos factores sobre: proteína total, lisina disponible por 16 gramos de nitrógeno total, lisina disponible por 100 gramos de muestra, pérdida de lisina disponible durante el procesamiento y puntaje en evaluación sensorial. El incremento del contenido de agua en la formulación tuvo como efecto un aumento de los valores de lisina disponible por provocar un retardo en el desarrollo de la reacción de Maillard, siendo el 23 por ciento su óptimo de utilización Los valores óptimos de reemplazos con harina de soja y concentrado proteico de suero caseario (CPSC) fueron de 13 por ciento y 3 por ciento respectivamente. Se concluye que la incorporación de harina de soja en galletitas dulces permite un aumento tanto del contenido proteico como de la calidad de la proteína resultante, mientras que, el agregado de CPSC produce un aumento del contenido proteico pero genera una importante disminución de la calidad de estas proteínas debido a la pérdida de disponibilidad de lisina.

The objective of this work was to study the effect of soy flour and whey protein concentrate (WPC) on cookies quality. An optimal recipe showing improved protein quality and content as well as acceptable sensory quality was defined taking into account the results obtained. Rotary moulded cookie formulation adaptable to lamination and cutting in pilot plant was used. Wheat flour from this formulation was partially replaced by whey protein concentrate and full fat soy flour. Second order models were employed to generate response surfaces for: total protein, lysine by 16 grams of total nitrogen, lysine by 100 grams of sample, loss of lysine during processing and sensory evaluation of cookies. We could obtain an effect on available lysine value when water content was increased in the formulation because a delay in the Maillard reaction. The optimal formulation contains 13 percent of full fat soy flour, 3 percent of whey protein concentrate and 23 percent of water. The results demonstrated that the protein content and the protein quality of the supplemented flours were increased when soy flour was added in the formulation of cookies. On other hand, protein content was increased but protein quality was decreased when WPC was used, because of available lysine loss.